為什么韓國和日本如此繁榮，而歷史上受到美國支持的南美國家政權(quán)卻如此貧困？
Why are South Korea and Japan so prosperous, but the historically US-backed South American regimes so poor?
譯文簡介
網(wǎng)友：戰(zhàn)后重建與美國支持。韓國和日本：兩國在二戰(zhàn)后都得到了美國的顯著經(jīng)濟援助和支持。美國通過馬歇爾計劃在重建日本經(jīng)濟方面發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用，并在朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭后促進了韓國的發(fā)展。南美洲：雖然美國支持了南美洲的各種政權(quán)，但這種支持往往側(cè)重于軍事和政治穩(wěn)定，而不是全面的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展......
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Post-War Reconstruction and US Support
South Korea and Japan: Both countries received significant economic aid and support from the United States after World War II. The US played a crucial role in rebuilding Japan's economy through the Marshall Plan and facilitated South Korea's development after the Korean War.
South America: While the US has supported various regimes in South America, the nature of this support often focused on military and political stability rather than comprehensive economic development.
戰(zhàn)后重建與美國支持
韓國和日本：兩國在二戰(zhàn)后都得到了美國的顯著經(jīng)濟援助和支持。美國通過馬歇爾計劃在重建日本經(jīng)濟方面發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用，并在朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭后促進了韓國的發(fā)展。
南美洲：雖然美國支持了南美洲的各種政權(quán)，但這種支持往往側(cè)重于軍事和政治穩(wěn)定，而不是全面的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。
South America: Economic policies in many South American countries have been inconsistent and often influenced by political instability. There has been a reliance on commodity exports, which are vulnerable to price fluctuations, rather than diversified industrial development.
韓國和日本：兩國實施了強有力的工業(yè)政策，注重出口導(dǎo)向增長、技術(shù)進步和教育。日本的戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟奇跡由政府主導(dǎo)的工業(yè)政策推動，而韓國的發(fā)展則依賴于政府與大型財團（財閥）的合作。
南美洲：許多南美洲國家的經(jīng)濟政策不穩(wěn)定，并且常受到政治動蕩的影響。經(jīng)濟過于依賴商品出口，這些商品的價格波動較大，而不是多樣化的工業(yè)發(fā)展。
The USA allowed things that in Latin America would have generated the fall of the governments of the region (excluding Mexico and Cuba)
does not take away the achievement and qualities of the eastern countries
美國允許在拉丁美洲發(fā)生的事情在該地區(qū)會導(dǎo)致政府的垮臺（墨西哥和古巴除外），這并不減損東亞國家的成就和優(yōu)勢。
South Korea received a large amount of aid from Japan. The calyx is worth a whopping 100 trillion yen.
This amount is almost the same as Japan's current national budget, and if South Korea were to repay its debt, the country would be destroyed.
韓國從日本獲得了大量援助，這筆援助高達100萬億日元。這一金額幾乎與日本當前的國家預(yù)算相同，如果韓國要償還這筆債務(wù)，可能會對該國造成嚴重影響。
The economic answers regarding conglomerates are all accurate and mostly correct. I think the big thing missing is com...st influence. We, the US, controleld the theater after world war II. And we fought com...st incursions in the area, win or lose, pretty much to a stalemate in most cases. In South America, then com...sts had already infiltrated, or at least materially supported a LOT of the governments in the area, so the CIA felt it necessary to change those governments. Unfortunately the leading contenders for regime change were corrupt warlord types who supported external conglomerates, not local, (google that banana company), and left their countries utterly corrupt and broken.
關(guān)于財團的經(jīng)濟分析都是準確的，基本上是正確的。我認為缺少的關(guān)鍵因素是共產(chǎn)主義的影響。我們，美國，在二戰(zhàn)后控制了局勢。我們在該地區(qū)與共產(chǎn)主義勢力進行了斗爭，無論勝負，大多數(shù)情況下都達到了僵持狀態(tài)。在南美洲，當時共產(chǎn)主義者已經(jīng)滲透，或者至少在物質(zhì)上支持了該地區(qū)的許多政府，因此CIA覺得有必要更換這些政府。不幸的是，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)更換政權(quán)的主要競爭者往往是腐敗的軍閥類型，他們支持外部財團而非本地企業(yè)（可以搜索一下那個香蕉公司），最終使他們的國家變得極其腐敗和破碎。
Ask yourself just how it is in the interests of the US for those countries to turn out the way they do.
The US policy after WW2 was to be the best friend Japan and Germany ever had. They went from having been bombed to rubble, to having preeminent industrial economies.
So, what about Latin America? Well, part of the problem was resources that the US wanted. When Latin American leaders put the interests of their people over the interests of US corporations, the US found ways to make those leaders disappear from power.
問問自己，為什么這些國家會以這種方式發(fā)展對美國有什么利益。二戰(zhàn)后，美國的政策是成為日本和德國最好的朋友。他們從曾經(jīng)的廢墟中恢復(fù)過來，成為了領(lǐng)先的工業(yè)經(jīng)濟體。
那么，拉丁美洲呢？問題的一部分在于資源，這些資源是美國想要的。當拉丁美洲領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人把他們?nèi)嗣竦睦嬷糜诿绹镜睦嬷蠒r，美國找到了讓這些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人失去權(quán)力的方法。
我認為美國從未覺得需要討好南美國家。美國在西半球一直是遠遠主導(dǎo)的力量。如果像巴西這樣的國家能夠長時間穩(wěn)定下來，成為美國的競爭對手，并開始在拉丁美洲施加某種霸權(quán)，你可能會看到美國采取截然不同的政策。
I’ll focus on South Korea because their story is even more dramatic than Japan’s, although both countries employed a very similar strategy.
South Korea literally rose from the ashes to become one of the richest countries in the world today. In 1955 their per-capita GDP was $64; today it’s around $30,000, an increase of almost 500-FOLD.
They went from this:
我將專注于韓國，因為他們的故事比日本的故事更加戲劇化，盡管這兩個國家都采用了非常相似的策略。韓國名副其實地從灰燼中崛起，成為當今世界上最富有的國家之一。1955年，他們的人均GDP為64美元；而今天約為30,000美元，增加了近500倍。
To this in a single generation:
在一個世代內(nèi)從這個狀態(tài)變成了這樣：
How?
The answer lies with the chaebols, family-run conglomerates that dominate the South Korean economy. In the U.S. and Europe we’re all familiar with Samsung phones and Hyundai cars, but within S. Korea itself these companies reach into every corner of day-to-day life.
Let’s look at Samsung, the most famous chaebol that makes up almost 15% of South Korea’s economy.
怎么做到的呢？答案在于財閥——這些家族經(jīng)營的企業(yè)集團主導(dǎo)了韓國經(jīng)濟。在美國和歐洲，我們都熟悉三星手機和現(xiàn)代汽車，但在韓國，這些公司滲透到了日常生活的方方面面。我們來看看三星，這個最著名的財閥，占據(jù)了韓國經(jīng)濟近15%。
You can get a university degree at Samsung-affiliated Sungkyunkwan University, then get a job at Samsung and move into your new apartment at Samsung Tower Palace which is equipped with a Samsung-manufactured home security system, air conditioner, TV, refrigerator, oven and microwave. When you get sick you can get treated at Samsung Medical Center in the Gangnam district in Seoul. When you want to get married you can do so at a Samsung-owned venue, and when it’s time to retire you can go to a Samsung retirement home. When your time is up, your funeral arrangements can be handled by a Samsung funeral parlor.
你可以在三星附屬的成均館大學(xué)獲得大學(xué)學(xué)位，然后在三星找到一份工作，并搬進你在三星大廈宮殿的新公寓，那里配備了三星制造的家庭安全系統(tǒng)、空調(diào)、電視、冰箱、烤箱和微波。當您生病時，您可以在首爾江南區(qū)的三星醫(yī)療中心接受治療。當你想結(jié)婚時，你可以在三星擁有的場所結(jié)婚，到了退休的時候，你可以去三星的養(yǎng)老院。當您的時間到了，您的葬禮安排可以由三星殯儀館處理。
財閥在樸正熙時代擴大了他們的影響力。樸槿惠是韓國的軍事獨裁者，從1961年統(tǒng)治韓國直到1979年被刺殺。為了啟動工業(yè)化和現(xiàn)代化韓國經(jīng)濟，政府對這些公司給予了特別待遇。采取了多種策略：通過關(guān)稅保護這些公司免受外國競爭，并提供貸款擔(dān)保，使它們能夠投資并建設(shè)新工廠。政府經(jīng)濟政策傾向于支持出口，以獲取外國資本進行進一步投資。隨著時間的推移，反復(fù)投資使財閥能夠向上移動到附加值鏈的更高層次，生產(chǎn)出更復(fù)雜、更精密的產(chǎn)品，從而使這些公司能夠直接與美國和歐洲的競爭對手競爭。
這在汽車領(lǐng)域最為明顯。早期，現(xiàn)代和起亞的韓國進口車主要集中在市場的低端段位，如緊湊型車和中型轎車。對可靠性的極度關(guān)注使它們贏得了新客戶，而供應(yīng)鏈的高效性則讓它們在低利潤市場中獲得了盈利。隨著技術(shù)的提升，它們開始進入利潤更高的市場高端領(lǐng)域：SUV、豪華轎車和混合動力車。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://m.nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處
政府與企業(yè)之間的這種共生關(guān)系，加上韓國人民驚人的工作倫理，塑造了今天我們所知的韓國。美國在其中的貢獻是軍事方面的。通過美韓共同防御條約，美國提供了保護，使韓國免受外部威脅，并為國家的發(fā)展提供了必要的穩(wěn)定。然而，主要的功勞還是要歸功于韓國人民及其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，包括樸正熙，盡管他是一個殘酷的獨裁者，但他仍然為財閥的顯著崛起奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
總的來說，南美國家在調(diào)動其人民和資源方面做得不如韓國。糟糕的政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、不連貫的經(jīng)濟政策、腐敗、毒品貿(mào)易、以及教育資源不足等因素都起了作用。相比之下，從1950年代開始，整個韓國社會像激光一樣聚焦于一個目標——創(chuàng)造一個繁榮的社會。南美國家則沒有做到這一點。
So while the people of South America may not be as materially prosperous, they don’t live in a pressure cooker society where everyone is constantly being pushed to succeed and looked down upon if they don’t.
**Edit** Thank you very much everyone for your upvotes and shares! I’m glad you found the answer useful!**
韓國戰(zhàn)略的副作用正在給她的人民帶來極大的痛苦，這也是為什么許多年輕的韓國人稱自己的國家為“地獄朝鮮”（朝鮮是一個古代王朝，直到19世紀末統(tǒng)治朝鮮半島）。韓國社會的競爭壓力造成了世界上自殺率最高的國家之一，老年人的貧困率接近 50%。
所以，雖然南美洲人民可能沒有那么富裕，但他們不生活在一個壓力巨大的社會中，那里每個人都被不斷推向成功，如果他們不成功，就會被人瞧不起。
As someone who was first generation American in the 1960’s, I constantly got the question, “Are you Chinese or Japanese?”
I would answer, “My parents came from Korea”.
Then they would say, “But are you Chinese or Japanese?”
It wasn’t very funny back then, but I can laugh about it today. Nobody knew who Korea was and now everyone knows.
作為1960年代的第一代美國人，我常常被問到：“你是中國人還是日本人？”我會回答：“我的父母來自韓國。”然后他們會說：“那你到底是中國人還是日本人？”那時這并不好笑，但現(xiàn)在我可以笑出來了。那時候沒人知道韓國是什么，現(xiàn)在每個人都知道了。
這是我對韓國成功的看法，以及為什么他們的增長率超過了美國：韓國有一套工業(yè)政策，而我們則有經(jīng)濟理論。韓國的工業(yè)政策集中在更好的教育、創(chuàng)業(yè)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施上。我去韓國制造我的資本設(shè)備時，那里的一個經(jīng)理對我說：“我知道你為什么來這里；在美國你無法制造?！蔽蚁胝f些什么……然后承認他說的對。他們能以少30%的成本和一半的時間完成。我需要一部分零件，就去釜山。那里有大量的機械廠。我在做一個聯(lián)合項目時，那個人告訴我，我們可以向政府申請資金。在美國這做不到，除非是軍事、貸款或私人投資。
在美國，我們有經(jīng)濟理論。把資源流向頂層，期望它會向下滲透（但實際上沒有）。把資源流向底層，期望人們能向上爬升（這也沒發(fā)生）。我們需要另一種經(jīng)濟選擇。
I wouldn’t put Chile in the same boat as the other South American countries. The economic system is based on Milton Friedman’s Free-to-Choose model. As a matter of fact, the economic advisors during the Pinochet regime came from the University of Chicago. The robust economy is more than just mineral exports, which make Chile the only Latin American country in which its citizens enjoy visa-waiver entry into the United States.
我不會把智利和其他南美國家放在同一個籃子里。智利的經(jīng)濟體系基于米爾頓·弗里德曼的“自由選擇”模型。事實上，皮諾切特政權(quán)時期的經(jīng)濟顧問來自芝加哥大學(xué)。強健的經(jīng)濟不僅僅依賴礦產(chǎn)出口，這使得智利成為唯一一個其公民可以免簽進入美國的拉丁美洲國家。
As a bonus, the night sky is unsurpassable. If you ever plan of to move down there, get yourself a telescope.
基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施一流，地震建筑規(guī)范遵循加州的工程實踐，并增加了安全邊際。執(zhí)法部門的職責(zé)是保護而不是敲詐。別想著賄賂那里的警察。盡管在圣地亞哥西部有可卡因問題，但這是一個安第斯地區(qū)的國家，與那些可卡因葉消費文化相關(guān)的國家接壤。
作為額外的獎勵，夜空是無與倫比的。如果你計劃搬到那里，記得帶上望遠鏡。
I worked with a couple of guys from South Korea. Nice people, really kind. They commented that in their home country, people were expected to finish high school, go straight to university to get not only a degree but either a masters or do honours, plus a couple of years military duty. They thought it was a bit too much to only be starting their careers when they were close to thirty; they wanted to start enjoying life while they were still young.
我和幾位來自韓國的朋友共事過。他們都很友好、非常善良。他們提到在他們的祖國，人們被期望完成高中學(xué)業(yè)后直接進入大學(xué)，不僅要獲得學(xué)位，還要取得碩士學(xué)位或榮譽學(xué)位，再加上幾年的軍役。他們覺得這樣一來，接近三十歲才開始職業(yè)生涯有點過于苛刻，他們希望在年輕時就能開始享受生活。
70% of Koreans hold some form of tertiary education. Think about that. That’s just incredible. America is more around 30% and Canada around 40%. China around 20%. You can see from their highly educated population and competitive society that they pretty much always strive for perfection.
70%的韓國人擁有某種形式的高等教育。想想看，這真是令人難以置信。美國大約為30%，加拿大約為40%，中國大約為20%。從他們高度教育化的社會和競爭激烈的環(huán)境中可以看出，他們幾乎總是追求完美。
The US never backed South America's development, though they dearly supported loyal strong men and dictatorships who cared for the US local interests for them.
The region's local leadership quality rarely matched Eastern Asia's, but on the other hand, Japan and Korea were allowed to have strong nationalist, state capitalism governments (like Taiwan, it should be mentioned) as long they were reliable allies against the com...st powers.
The funny thing is that desarrollistas economists like Prebisch were well read and aplied at Korea.
美國從未支持過南美的發(fā)展，盡管他們非常支持那些忠于美國的強人和獨裁者，這些人關(guān)心的是美國在當?shù)氐睦妗?br /> 該地區(qū)地方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層的素質(zhì)很少能與東亞相提并論，但另一方面，只要日本和韓國是對抗共產(chǎn)主義列強的可靠盟友，它們就可以擁有強大的民族主義、國家資本主義政府（如臺灣（地區(qū)））。
有趣的是，像 Prebisch 這樣的發(fā)展主義經(jīng)濟學(xué)家在韓國受到了很好的教育和應(yīng)用。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://m.nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處
I agree with this. South America's value to the developed world was as a producer of cheap agrarian goods. South Korea and Japan both benefitted from the US needing industrial bases in Asia to fight the Korean war and later Vietnam. In addition, the cold war meant that didn't want to lose any other countries to Com...ism.
That said, cultural factors were also incredibly important. Both Japan and Korea both existed as centralised nations prior to contact with the west. South American society and hierarchies were obliterated by contact with the west and were basically rebuilt to serve western economies meaning that in the 20th century they lacked the sense of national feeling and centralised authority present in Japan and Korea
我同意這一點。南美洲對發(fā)達國家的價值在于生產(chǎn)廉價的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品。韓國和日本都受益于美國需要在亞洲建立工業(yè)基地，以應(yīng)對朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭和后來的越南戰(zhàn)爭。此外，冷戰(zhàn)也意味著美國不希望將其他國家拱手讓給共產(chǎn)主義。不過，文化因素也非常重要。日本和韓國在與西方接觸之前都存在中央集權(quán)的國家體制，而南美洲的社會和等級制度在與西方接觸后被摧毀，基本上被重建以服務(wù)于西方經(jīng)濟，這導(dǎo)致在20世紀，他們?nèi)狈θ毡竞晚n國所擁有的國家認同感和中央集權(quán)的權(quán)威。
Because they are not US-backed. They are Anglo-Saxon exploited. Every year Canadian mining companies extract from Mexico and Peru almost twice as much gold and silver than Spain extracted in 300 years. Plus Spain invested 80% of the gold and silver in the vice-royalties.
因為他們沒有得到美國的支持。他們受到盎格魯-撒克遜人的剝削。每年，加拿大的礦業(yè)公司從墨西哥和秘魯提取的黃金和白銀幾乎是西班牙300年提取量的兩倍。此外，西班牙在副王轄區(qū)投資了80%的黃金和白銀。
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Simple answer because they’re hard working people, they don’t just expect their government to look after them, i mean their government are not corrupt like a lot of South American countries unfortunately. Also their hi education system and willingness to work hard delivered them to where they are today
簡單來說，是因為他們勤奮工作，他們不僅僅依賴政府來照顧自己。我的意思是，他們的政府不像很多南美國家那樣腐敗。再加上他們的高等教育系統(tǒng)和勤奮的工作態(tài)度，使他們達到了今天的成就。
The fundamental reason may be the huge difference in education levels. Below are the 2018 PISA rankings, both Japan and South Korea are ranked highly. In contrast, countries in South America are almost all ranked lower.
As you know, high scientific and technological capabilities are very important for the development of a country. Naturally, a high level of education in the scientific field is extremely important to ensure a high level of scientific and technological competence.
I consider the biggest factor is that there is a huge gap between South American countries and Japan and Korea in terms of the level of education in these scientific fields.
根本原因可能是教育水平的巨大差異。以下是2018年的PISA排名，日本和韓國排名都很高。相比之下，南美洲國家的排名幾乎都比較靠后。
眾所周知，較高水平的科學(xué)和技術(shù)能力對國家的發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。自然，科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的高水平教育對于確?？茖W(xué)和技術(shù)能力的高水平極為重要。我認為最大因素是南美國家在這些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的教育水平與日本和韓國之間存在巨大的差距。
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There was a high restriction on education for Koreans. There was such a high illiteracy rate because parents didn't want their children to get brainwashed at Japanese schools. They rather be illiterate than traitors, and sought to educate from other means. Even before the occupation, education was restricted to higher classes.
韓國曾經(jīng)對教育有很高的限制。由于父母不希望孩子在日本學(xué)校被洗腦，文盲率非常高。他們寧愿保持文盲，也不愿意成為叛徒，選擇從其他途徑進行教育。即使在占領(lǐng)之前，教育也僅限于較高的階層。
當美國擊敗日本后，這一切發(fā)生了變化。韓國人展現(xiàn)出強烈的求知欲。他們對美國軍事訓(xùn)練表示了高度的認可。即便在此之前，韓國人通常會去美國的常春藤名校學(xué)習(xí)。由于之前的環(huán)境，追求教育已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代韓國文化的重要組成部分。
Because that country of the gringos hate the language spanish , they don't want to see spanish nations to prosper as the same as what did they did to the Philippines thet used to speak Spanish and the gringos came and took away from them the saw spanish as bad influence
因為那些“gringos”（指的是美國人）厭惡西班牙語，他們不希望西班牙語國家像他們對待菲律賓那樣繁榮。菲律賓曾經(jīng)講西班牙語，但美國人來了，把西班牙語從他們的生活中奪走了，他們認為西班牙語對菲律賓的影響不好。
Japan and ROK have Japanese and Korean cultures. South America has South American cultures. That is the non-PC-clouded truth and answer.
日本和韓國各自有日本和韓國文化。南美洲有南美洲文化。這就是未被政治正確遮蔽的真實答案。
Differences in cultures.
For example, Spain and Portugal are the poorest nations in Western Europe (per capita).
South American nations have Spanish or Portuguese (Brazil) cultures; as in Spain and Portugal those cultures are less conducive to prosperity than nearby cultures and evidently less conducive to prosperity than the cultures of S. Korea and Japan.
President Wilson sent the Marines into some South American nations “to teach them to have good governments”, further impoverishing them. U.S. backing does not seem to enhance the prosperity of Spanish culture.
文化的差異。例如，西班牙和葡萄牙是西歐最貧窮的國家（按人均計算）。南美洲國家有西班牙或葡萄牙（巴西）的文化；在西班牙和葡萄牙，這些文化比鄰近的文化更不利于繁榮，而顯然也比韓國和日本的文化更不利于繁榮。威爾遜總統(tǒng)曾派遣海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊進入一些南美洲國家“教他們?nèi)绾螕碛辛己玫恼?，進一步加劇了他們的貧困。美國的支持似乎沒有增強西班牙文化的繁榮。